Direct observation of two-dimensional magnons in atomically thin CrI3

Magnons are collective spin excitations in crystals with long-range magnetic order. The emergent van der Waals magnets(1-3) provide a highly tunable platform to explore magnetic excitations in the two-dimensional limit with intriguing properties, manifesting from their honeycomb lattice structure and switchable magnetic configurations. Here, we report the direct observation of two-dimensional magnons through magneto-Raman spectroscopy with optical selection rules determined by the interplay between crystal symmetry, layer number and magnetic states in atomically thin CrI3. In monolayers, we observe an acoustic magnon mode at similar to 0.3 meV. It has strict cross-circularly polarized selection rules locked to the magnetization direction that originates from the conservation of angular momentum of photons and magnons dictated by three-fold rotational symmetry(4). Additionally, we reveal optical magnon modes at similar to 17 meV. This mode is Raman silent in monolayers, but optically active in bilayers and bulk due to a relaxation of the parity criterion resulting from the layer index. In the layered antiferromagnetic states, we directly resolve two degenerate optical magnon modes with opposite angular momentum and conjugate optical selection rules. From these measurements, we quantitatively extract the spin-wave gap, magnetic anisotropy and intralayer and interlayer exchange constants, and establish two-dimensional magnets as a new platform for exploring magnon physics.

Automated summary

In this study, two-dimensional magnons were directly observed in atomically thin CrI3 using magneto-Raman spectroscopy, revealing optical selection rules and magnetic properties. The phonon magnon mode in monolayers exhibited strict selection rules, while the optical magnon modes in bilayers and bulk materials were influenced by layer index. Additionally, two degenerate optical magnon modes with opposite angular momentum and conjugate optical selection rules were resolved in layered antiferromagnetic states.