Journal
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
Volume 15, Issue 10, Pages 883-+Publisher
NATURE RESEARCH
DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0749-7
Keywords
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Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2018YFB0905400, 2016YFB0901500]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21935009, 21761132030, 21603231]
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory - NSF [DMR-1644779]
- State of Florida
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The growth of sodium dendrites and the associated solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer is a critical and fundamental issue influencing the safety and cycling lifespan of sodium batteries. In this work, we use in-situ(23)Na magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, along with an innovative analytical approach, to provide space-resolved and quantitative insights into the formation and evolution of sodium metal microstructures (SMSs; that is, dendritic and mossy Na metal) during the deposition and stripping processes. Our results reveal that the growing SMSs give rise to a linear increase in the overpotential until a transition voltage of 0.15 V is reached, at which point violent electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte is triggered, leading to the formation of mossy-type SMSs and rapid battery failure. In addition, we determined the existence of NaH in the SEI on sodium metal with ex-situ NMR results. The poor electronic conductivity of NaH is beneficial for the growth of a stable SEI on sodium metal. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy provide quantitative insights into the growth of sodium microstructures in batteries.
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