Animal infection models using non-mammals

The use of non-human animal models for infection experiments is important for investigating the infectious processes of human pathogenic bacteria at the molecular level. Mammals, such as mice and rabbits, are also utilized as animal infection models, but large numbers of animals are needed for these experiments, which is costly, and fraught with ethical issues. Various non-mammalian animal infection models have been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of various human pathogenic bacteria, includingStaphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pyogenes, andPseudomonas aeruginosa. This review discusses the desirable characteristics of non-mammalian infection models and describes recent non-mammalian infection models that utilizeCaenorhabditis elegans, silkworm, fruit fly, zebrafish, two-spotted cricket, hornworm, and waxworm.