Non-invasive andin situinvestigation of layers sequence in panel paintings by portable micro-spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

Nowadays, the research in conservation science is focused on developing advanced portable analytical techniques able to achieve subsurface datain situand in a non-invasive way. Micro-spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (micro-SORS) is an emerging analytical technique developed to address the need of non-invasively retrieving the molecular composition of the subsurface compounds; however, so far, micro-SORS studies of artworks have been carried out only with benchtop Raman microscopes, precluding the non-invasive analysis of large objects and artworksin situ.Here, for the first time, portable micro-SORS was used for non-invasive andin situinvestigation of art objects. The potential of portable micro-SORS is demonstrated through the reconstruction of the layer sequences in selected areas of two 16th century panel paintings, providing unequivocal information about the preparation layer spread over the panels and the pigments used in the painted layers and supplying essential information on the artist's technique.