Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 395, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122636
Keywords
CO2; Microwave; Pyrolysis; Microwave-activated biochar; Steam
Categories
Funding
- FRGS research grant by the Ministry of Education Malaysia [59512]
- Golden Goose Research Grant by Universiti Malaysia Terengganu [55191]
- University College of Technology Sarawak [UCTS/RESEARCH/< 4/2018/12>(01)]
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We developed an innovative single-step pyrolysis approach that combines microwave heating and activation by CO2 or steam to transform orange peel waste (OPW) into microwave activated biochar (MAB). This involves carbonization and activation simultaneously under an inert environment. Using CO2 demonstrates dual functions in this approach, acing as purging gas to provide an inert environment for pyrolysis while activating highly porous MAB. This approach demonstrates rapid heating rate (15-120 degrees C/min), higher temperature ( > 800 degrees C) and shorter process time (15 min) compared to conventional method using furnace ( > 1 h). The MAB shows higher mass yield (31-44 wt %), high content of fixed carbon (58.6-61.2 wt %), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area (158.5-305.1 m(2)/g), low ratio of H/C (0.3) and O/C (0.2). Activation with CO2 produces more micropores than using steam that generates more mesopores. Steam-activated MAB records a higher adsorption efficiency (136 mg/g) compared to CO2 activation (91 mg/g), achieving 89-93 % removal of Congo Red dye. The microwave pyrolysis coupled with steam or CO2 activation thereby represents a promising approach to transform fruit-peel waste to microwave-activated biochar that remove hazardous dye.
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