The molecular basis for the prothrombotic state in sickle cell disease

The genetic and molecular basis of sickle cell disease (SCD) has long been characterized but the pathophysiological basis has not been entirely defined. How a red cell hemolytic disorder initiates inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation activation, and eventually leads to vascular thrombosis, is yet to be elucidated. Recent evidence has demonstrated a high frequency of unprovoked/recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in SCD, with an increased risk of mortality among patients with a history of VTE. Here, we provide an in-depth review of the molecular basis for the prothrombotic state in SCD, specifically highlighting emerging evidence for activation of overlapping inflammation and coagulation pathways that predispose to venous thromboembolism. We share perspectives in managing venous thrombosis in SCD, highlighting innovative therapies with the potential to influence the clinical course of disease and reduce thrombotic risk, while maintaining an acceptable safety profile.