Journal
FUEL
Volume 274, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117799
Keywords
Carbon acid catalysts; Amphiphilic; Emulsion; Ketalization
Categories
Funding
- CNPQ
- CAPES
- FAPEMIG
- Microscopy Center
- INCT Midas
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Herein, an efficient amphiphilic carbon catalyst produced by the reaction of bio-oil with sulfuric acid was used for the first time for the solvent-free glycerol ketalization with 2-propanone for solketal production (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol) at room temperature. The catalyst synthesis, described previously, led to an amphiphilic carbon due to hydrophobic nanostructures, e.g. graphene, nanotube, nano-onions, nanographite, embedded in an amorphous carbon containing high concentration of hydrophilic oxygen and sulfonic surface groups with strong acid sites (ca. 0.3 mmol g(-1)). The amphiphilic catalyst promoted the formation of an emulsion from the two immiscible phases, glycerol and 2-propanone, which had a strong effect on the reaction interface and solketal yield. Glycerol ketalization at 25 degrees C and solvent-free showed conversions higher than 90%, using 0.6 wt% catalyst, 1:10 glycero1:2-propanone after 2 h. The catalyst can be recovered and reused four times without any significant activity loss.
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