Effects of MC-LR on histological structure and cell apoptosis in the kidney of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a well-known hepatotoxin; however, increasing evidence suggests that it might induce kidney injury. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most important farmed species and may be affected by MC-LR releasing into waterbody during cyanobacterial bloom. Here, this present study aimed to explore the nephrotoxicity of grass carp by MC-LR. The grass carp received a single intraperitoneal injection of different doses of MC-LR (0, 25, 75, and 100 mu g/kg body weight (BW)), and the kidneys were isolated at 24 and 96 h post-injection (hpi). Histopathological examination revealed kidney lesions, with severe hemorrhage, necrosis of the interstitium, and dilation of Bowman's capsule in the 75 and 100 mu g MC-LR/kg BW groups. Under transmission electron microscopy, a larger number of swelling and vacuolated degeneration of mitochondria were observed; moreover, apoptotic features, such as condensed chromatin and shrinkage of cells, were observed in the 75 and 100 mu g MC-LR/kg BW groups at 96 hpi. MC-LR significantly upregulated the number of apoptotic cells in the 75 and 100 mu g/kg BW groups at 96 hpi as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay (P< 0. 05). The results of quantitative assays showed that the mRNA expression of Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in grass carp kidney were significantly increased at 96 hpi in the 75 and 100 mu g MC-LR/kg BW groups compared with that in the control group, but Bcl-2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in all the treatment groups at 24 and 96 hpi. Taken together, these results indicated that MC-LR damaged the kidney structure and resulted in renal apoptosis which may occur via the mitochondrial pathway.