Journal
EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY
Volume 29, Issue 9, Pages 885-890Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14170
Keywords
COVID-19; cytokine storm; oxidative stress; SARS-CoV-2; vitamin D; vitamin D-hydroxyderivatives
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Funding
- NIH [1R01AR073004, R01AR071189, 1R21AI149267-01A1]
- VA [1I01BX004293-01A1]
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The negative outcomes of COVID-19 diseases respiratory distress (ARDS) and the damage to other organs are secondary to a cytokine storm and to the attendant oxidative stress. Active hydroxyl forms of vitamin D are anti-inflammatory, induce antioxidative responses, and stimulate innate immunity against infectious agents. These properties are shared by calcitriol and the CYP11A1-generated non-calcemic hydroxyderivatives. They inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulate NF-kappa Beta, show inverse agonism on ROR gamma and counteract oxidative stress through the activation of NRF-2. Therefore, a direct delivery of hydroxyderivatives of vitamin D deserves consideration in the treatment of COVID-19 or ARDS of different aetiology. We also recommend treatment of COVID-19 patients with high-dose vitamin D since populations most vulnerable to this disease are likely vitamin D deficient and patients are already under supervision in the clinics. We hypothesize that different routes of delivery (oral and parenteral) will have different impact on the final outcome.
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