Extreme long-term outcome of operatively versus conservatively treated patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose We report on outcomes of surgically versus (vs) non-surgically treated patients with moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) after minimum of 29 years. Methods AIS patients with a follow-up of >= 41 years in the surgical group and >= 29 years in the non-surgical group were included. Patients were treated surgically for primary curves >= 45 degrees vs non-surgically for curves < 45 degrees or refusal of surgery. Groups were matched for age, gender, comorbidities and primary curve severity. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to measure clinical outcomes and standard radiography to quantify curve severity at final follow-up. Results In total, 16 patients (8 within each group, 75% females) with a median age of 14 (interquartile range (IQR) 2) years could be included and were followed up after 46 (IQR 12) years. All matched variables were similar for both groups, including the primary curve Cobb angles of 48 degrees (IQR 17 degrees) (surgical) vs 40 degrees (IQR 19 degrees) (non-surgical);p = 0.17). At final follow-up after a median of 47 (IQR 5) years for the surgical and 39 (IQR 19) years for the non-surgical group (p = 0.43), the ODI was similar for both groups (15 (IQR 13) points (surgical) vs 7 (IQR 15) points (non-surgical);p = 0.17) with, however, a primary curve magnitude lower in the surgical compared to the non-surgical group (38 degrees (IQR 3 degrees) vs 61 degrees (IQR 33 degrees);p = 0.01), respectively. Conclusion After around 47 and 39 years, respectively, surgical and non-surgical treatment of moderate AIS showed similar subjective outcomes, but with a relevant smaller curve magnitude with surgical treatment.