Preliminary copper isotope study on particulate matter in Zhujiang River, southwest China: Application for source identification

Copper (Cu) is not only an essential metallic element for human and organisms, but also a toxic and pernicious element when its environmental content exceeds a certain threshold. However, to date, little is known about the isotopic compositions and sources of Cu in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of fluvial ecosystems. To identify the potential sources of Cu in SPM in Zhujiang River (an important river in southwestern China with about 30 million people in the entire basin), we reported the Cu contents of SPM and the Cu isotopic compositions (expressed in delta Cu-65) at 22 sites. The relative contribution rates of potential sources were also calculated based on the mixing model. The results indicate that the Cu contents varied from 14 mg kg(-1) to 96 mg kg(-1) with a relatively low enrichment factor (EF) value (mean value is 1.6). The amount of Cu transferred as suspended loads ranged from 5% to 98% (mean value 60%) in the sampling period. The EF and delta Cu-65 suggest a ternary mixture of fluvial SPM with the delta Cu-65 value fluctuating from 0.04 parts per thousand to 0.50 parts per thousand (mean value 0.17 parts per thousand). Based on isotope ratios and mass balance equation, we calculate that the rock weathering contributes 76.4% particulate Cu in Zhujiang River, and the contributions of urban sludge and smelting tailings are 15.4% and 8.2%, respectively. These findings regarding to the application of Cu isotope have significant implications for tracing the Cu sources, which significantly supports the control and management of suspended particulate copper pollution in large rivers.