Reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection cleared by direct-acting antiviral therapy: A prospective study

Aim To assess the effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence. Methods A prospective multicentre case-control study was performed, which included 2426 patients with HCV, 42% of whom had liver fibrosis stage F0-F2 and 58% of whom had liver fibrosis stage F3-F4. The study population consisted of a control group including 1099 untreated patients and 1327 cases treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). T2DM incidence was assessed during a median (interquartile range) follow-up period of 30 (28-42) months. Risk factors for T2DM were assessed using a Cox regression model (relative risk [RR], hazard ratio [HR], Kaplan-Meier analysis). Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and changes by repeated-measures ANOVA. Factors independently associated with T2DM were assessed by multivariate analysis. Results The absolute incidence of T2DM for controls and cases was 28 and 7/1000 person-years, respectively (P= 0.001). In cases compared to controls, HCV clearance reduced the RR and HR of T2DM by 81% and 75% to 93%, respectively (P= 0.001). It was calculated that, for every 15 patients who obtained HCV clearance, one case of T2DM was saved. HCV clearance was associated with significant reductions in HOMA-insulin resistance and HOMA-beta-cell function and an increase in HOMA-insulin sensitivity, as assessed in 384 patients before and after HCV clearance. At multivariate analysis, HCV clearance emerged as independently associated with a reduced T2DM risk. Conclusion The results showed that HCV clearance by DAA treatment probably reduces T2DM incidence by restoring the HCV-induced alteration of glucose homeostasis mechanisms.