Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 262, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127749
Keywords
Bioaccumulation; Cocoa; Contaminants; Physicochemical characteristics; Soil pedogenesis; Soil extractants
Categories
Funding
- Joint Research Fund of European Cocoa Association (ECA), Brussels, Belgium
- Chocolate, Biscuit and Confectionary of Europe (CAOBISCO), Brussels, Belgium
- Federation of Cocoa Commerce (FCC), London, UK
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The study investigated the impact of soil metal diversity and concentration on metal bioaccumulation in cacao across 15 locations in Trinidad. The results showed that soil extraction method, soil type, and metal concentration all influence metal bioaccumulation in cacao.
Beans of cacao (Theobroma cacao L) are used to produce a variety of chocolate products. Bioaccumulation of metals at toxic levels through the consumption of contaminated products has been identified as a health concern in humans. Both metal diversity and concentration as well as their interactions in the soil influence essential and non-essential metal uptake in plants; but the effects of these on bioaccumulation of metals in cacao is not understood across diverse soil types. In this study eight metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were investigated in 12 soil subgroups belonging to four soil orders across 15 locations in Trinidad, with the aim to investigate the effect of soil metal diversity and concentration on metal bioaccumulation in cacao. Soil metals were extracted using five methods (aqua regia, DTPA, Mehlich 3, nitric acid, and water). Cacao leaf metal concentrations were determined using the USEPA 3052 method. Metal extraction efficiency ranged between methods with aqua regia >= nitric acid > Mehlich 3 > DTPA > water across all metals. The soil extraction method that best predicted cacao leaf metal concentrations varied with the metal - Mehlich 3 or DTPA for Cd, Ni, Zn; aqua regia, Mehlich 3, or nitric acid for Pb, and water for Mn. A stepwise regression analysis showed that plant metal concentration can be predicted using soil physicochemical characteristics as well as the concentration of metals in the soil. The importance of soil type on cacao leaf metal bioaccumulation is discussed. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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