Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 27, Issue 1, Pages 145-157Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002427
Keywords
active sites; encapsulated nanoparticles; electrocatalysts; fuel cells; nanostructures; oxygen reduction reaction
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Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2018YFA0702001]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [WK2060190103]
- Hefei National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory [KY2060000107]
- USTC
- Recruitment Program of Thousand Youth Talents
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Research has shown that M-N-C catalysts for PEMFCs are the most promising candidates to replace Pt-based catalysts, but the high-temperature pyrolysis process often leads to high structural heterogeneity, which hinders the identification of the catalytic active structure and further impacts the catalyst performance.
The development of low-cost catalysts containing earth-abundant elements as alternatives to Pt-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for the large-scale commercial application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Nonprecious metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) materials represent the most promising candidates to replace Pt-based catalysts for PEMFCs applications. However, the high-temperature pyrolysis process for the preparation of M-N-C catalysts frequently leads to high structural heterogeneity, that is, the coexistence of various metal-containing sites and N-doped carbon structures. Unfortunately, this impedes the identification of the predominant catalytic active structure, and thus, the further development of highly efficient M-N-C catalysts for the ORR. This Minireview, after a brief introduction to the development of M-N-C ORR catalysts, focuses on the commonly accepted views of predominant catalytic active structures in M-N-C catalysts, including atomically dispersed metal-N-x sites, metal nanoparticles encapsulated with nitrogen-doped carbon structures, synergistic action between metal-N-x sites and encapsulated metal nanoparticles, and metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon structures.
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