Journal
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
Volume 32, Issue 13, Pages 5579-5588Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c00807
Keywords
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21874056, 51902063]
- National Key R&D Program of China [2016YFC1100502]
- Science and Technology Foundation of State Key Laboratory [JZX7Y201901SY007301]
- Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation [2020A1515011211]
- Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province [2018A050506061]
- Guangdong Academy of Sciences [2019GDASYL-0103066, 2019GDASYL-0502005, 2018GDASCX-0110]
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Near-infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence (PersL) materials are attractive multifunctional-material-platforms to real-time-required studies and applications in chemistry and biomedicine. However, the inefficient charging by low-irradiance, noncoherent, and high-tissue-penetration red-NIR light restricts their developments and applications in situ, such as long-term tracking, whole-body, and deep-tissue bioimaging. To address this issue, we develop a novel Cr3+-activated Na0.5Gd0.5TiO3 NIR-PersL material with perovskite structure. It shows over 100 times stronger PersL intensity than those of the best known Cr3+-doped phosphors, including ZnGa2O4, Zn3Ga2GeO8, Zn3Ga2Ge2O10, and LiGa5O8, with low-irradiance (similar to 2.5 mu W.mm(-2)) and noncoherent red light (laser-free) charging. Based on the structural and spectroscopic studies, we reveal a novel one-photon charging mechanism in the constructed host referred binding energy (HRBE) schemes, which differs from the regular two-photon one of those Cr3+-doped gallates. The host conduction band minimum (CBM) plays a critical factor in the charging efficiency and the charging-required photon numbers. Tissue-penetration verification and in vivo bioimaging demonstrated the potentials of realizing renewed and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in situ imaging with low-irradiance (similar to 19 mu W.mm(-2)) and noncoherent red-NIR charging. The one-photon charging concept will contribute to the new mechanism to guide the design of the high-tissue-penetration NIR-PersL imaging probes with laser-free and low-irradiance red-NIR excitation.
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