Advances on the in vivo and in vitro glycosylations of flavonoids

Flavonoids possess diverse bioactivity and potential medicinal values. Glycosylation of flavonoids, coupling flavonoid aglycones and glycosyl groups in conjugated form, can change the biological activity of flavonoids, increase water solubility, reduce toxic and side effects, and improve specific targeting. Therefore, it is desirable to synthesize various flavonoid glycosides for further investigation on their medicinal values. Compared with chemical glycosylations, biotransformations catalyzed by uridine diphospho-glycosyltransferases provide an environmentally friendly way to construct glycosidic bonds without repetitive chemical synthetic steps of protection, activation, coupling, and deprotection. In this review, we will summarize the existing knowledge on the biotechnological glycosylation reactions either in vitro or in vivo for the synthesis of flavonoid O- and C-glycosides and other rare analogs. Key points center dot Flavonoid glycosides usually show improved properties compared with their flavonoid aglycones. center dot Chemical glycosylation requires repetitive synthetic steps and purifications. center dot Biotechnological glycosylation reactions either in vitro or in vivo were discussed. center dot Provides representative synthetic examples in detail.