Color analysis and detection of Fe minerals in multi-mineral mixtures from acid-alteration environments

Iron electronic transitions produce intense colors in minerals with moderate to high Fe content, which phenomenon allows using color and visible spectroscopy to identify and quantify Fe-bearing minerals. This approach is especially useful for Mars investigation due to the limited analytical instruments available at Mars. The challenges are: (1) overlap between Fe electronic absorption bands of Fe-bearing minerals, (2) band wavelengths are modified by chemical and structural variables, and (3) particle size effects can modify mineral color. The magnitude of these difficulties, however, depends on the mineral mixture investigated. In this study, we further probe the potential of visible-range data for investigation of Fe-minerals. The samples were mineral mixtures from the Riotinto area (SW Spain) that resulted from acidic alteration and contained Fe in oxy-hydroxides, hydroxysulfates and phyllosilicates. Samples were studied using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. The wavelength range 320-1000 nm was investigated using spectral second derivatives and CIELAB color parameters. Hematite was readily detected, below X-ray diffraction detection limits, from the band at 520-560 nm. Jarosite was readily identified by the combined presence of bands at -390 and -440 nm. Thermogravimetric and CIELAB color analyses indicated goethite as the most common Fe-rich mineral in the samples. Correlations between CIELAB color parameters were controlled by goethite, where jarosite-rich specimens aligned with the correlations but some samples containing hematite plotted outside them. Quantification of goethite was attempted as calibrated against thermogravimetric data. Calibration was not possible below-10 wt% goethite. Above this value, results from spectral second derivatives allowed quantification up to the maximum goethite content of-35 wt% (linear correlation with R 2 = 0.89). Goethite quantification with CIELAB color parameters was hindered by hematite. In samples with very low or no he-matite, goethite quantification was possible with parameters L-10* (R-2 = 0.83) and h ab,10 (R-2 = 0.65), also up to-35 wt% goethite. Consequently, if accurate calibration is possible and depending on mineral mixture com-ponents, spectroscopic and CIELAB color parameters should allow goethite quantification in a wide concentration range.