Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Regulating Seed Number per Silique inArabidopsis thaliana

Seed weight and number ultimately determine seed yield. Arabidopsis seed number comprised of silique number and seed number per silique (SNS). Comparing seed development and weight, determinants of seed number remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, taking advantage of 107 available Arabidopsis accessions, genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was employed to identify the candidate genes regulating SNS. GWAS-based genotype and phenotype association analysis identified 38 most significant SNPs marker sites that were mapped to specific chromosomal positions and allowed us to screen for dozens of candidate genes. One of them (PIN3) was selected for functional validation based on gene expression analysis. It is a positive regulator of Arabidopsis SNS. Although silique length ofPIN3loss of function mutant was not significantly changed, its SNS and seed density (SD) were significantly reduced as compared with the wild type. Notably,PIN3overexpression lines driven by a placenta-specific promoter STK exhibited significantly shorter siliques, slightly reduced SNS, but significant increased SD compared with wild type, suggesting thatPIN3positively regulates SD through inducing ovule primordia initiation regardless of the placenta size. Ovule initiation determines the maximal possibility of SNS, and new genes and mechanism regulating SNS through modulating ovule initiation is worth further investigated.