Journal
BIOMOLECULES
Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biom10030437
Keywords
Rheum undulatum; Glycyrriza uralensis; hepatic encephalopathy; MMP-9; neuroinflammation
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Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant the Korea Government (MSIP) [2019R1A2C1003200, 2017R1D1A3B03027847]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2017R1D1A3B03027847, 2019R1A2C1003200] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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Rheum undulatum and Glycyrrhiza uralensis have been used as supplementary ingredients in various herbal medicines. They have been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and, therefore, have potential in the treatment and prevention of various liver diseases. Considering that hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is often associated with chronic liver failure, we investigated whether an R. undulatum and G. uralensis extract mixture (RG) could reduce HE. We applied systems-based pharmacological tools to identify the active ingredients in RG and the pharmacological targets of RG by examining mechanism-of-action profiles. A CCl4-induced HE mouse model was used to investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of RG on HE. We successfully identified seven bioactive ingredients in RG with 40 potential targets. Based on an integrated target-disease network, RG was predicted to be effective in treating neurological diseases. In animal models, RG consistently relieved HE symptoms by protecting blood-brain barrier permeability via downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and upregulation of claudin-5. In addition, RG inhibited mRNA expression levels of both interleukin (IL)-1 beta and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1. Based on our results, RG is expected to function various biochemical processes involving neuroinflammation, suggesting that RG may be considered a therapeutic agent for treating not only chronic liver disease but also HE.
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