Nutrigenomic Effects of Long-Term Grape Pomace Supplementation in Dairy Cows

Simple Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP), the polyphenol-rich agricultural by-product, on dairy cows' whole-blood transcriptome, milk production and composition. Twelve lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned to two groups; the first received a GP-supplemented diet for 60 days (group GP), whereas the second was given only a basal diet (CTR). The results reveal 40 protein-coding genes differentially expressed in the GP group when compared with the CTR group, but no effects were noticed on milk production, concentrations of crude protein, fat, casein, lactose and urea, or somatic cell count. Compared to CTR, GP had a transcriptomic signature mainly reflecting a reinforced immunogenic response. Abstract The increasing demand for more animal products put pressure on improving livestock production efficiency and sustainability. In this context, advanced animal nutrition studies appear indispensable. Here, the effect of grape pomace (GP), the polyphenol-rich agricultural by-product, was evaluated on Holstein-Friesian cows' whole-blood transcriptome, milk production and composition. Two experimental groups were set up. The first one received a basal diet and served as a control, while the second one received a 7.5% GP-supplemented diet for a total of 60 days. Milk production and composition were not different between the group; however, the transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 40 genes significantly affected by GP supplementation. Among the most interesting down-regulated genes, we found the DnaJ heat-shock protein family member A1 (DNAJA1), the mitochondrial fission factor (MFF), and the impact RWD domain protein (IMPACT) genes. The gene set enrichment analysis evidenced the positive enrichment of 'interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-gamma response', 'IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling' and 'complement' genes. Moreover, the functional analysis denoted positive enrichment of the 'response to protozoan' and 'negative regulation of viral genome replication' biological processes. Our data provide an overall view of the blood transcriptomic signature after a 60-day GP supplementation in dairy cows which mainly reflects a GP-induced immunomodulatory effect.