Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of polyphenols from sour mangosteen (Garcinia xanthochymus) fruit

Sour mangosteen fruits are good dietary sources of polyphenols with various health benefits. To understand the effects of dietary polyphenols on human health it is essential to determine their stability and fate in the lumen. In the present study, we evaluated the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fruit peel and rind phenolic extract by in vitro gastrointestinal and in vivo mouse (C57BL/6) models. The results of bioaccessibility of peel showed that epicatechin was highly bioaccessible in oral (97.59% +/- 4.87), gastric (82.09% +/- 4.01) as well as intestinal (41.60% +/- 2.88) phase followed by chlorogenic, syringic and gallic acids whereas, in rind, the gallic acid was highly bioaccessible in oral (66.59% +/- 3.93) and gastric (42.89% +/- 3.01) phase followed by catechin and chlorogenic acid, however, in intestinal phase catechin (30.99% +/- 1.98) was highly bioaccessible followed by gallic acid and chlorogenic acid. Gastric pH also favored the recovery of syringic and sinapic acids. Similar results were also observed in bioavailability study in in-vivo animal model with the T-max value of both the epicatechin in peel and the catechin in rind was 2 h with a C-max value of 62.03 and 1.10 mu g/mL of plasma respectively. To conclude, the sour mangosteen fruit peel and rind polyphenols are stable in gastrointestinal tract environment and their bioactives are more bioavailable.