Journal
ENDOCRINE CONNECTIONS
Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages R102-R111Publisher
BIOSCIENTIFICA LTD
DOI: 10.1530/EC-19-0557
Keywords
anabolic androgenic steroids; side effects; hypogonadism; infertility; gynaecomastia
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Funding
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy
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This review summarizes 10 years experience with male abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The typical user of AAS is male, aged between 20 and 40 and lifting weights. Illegal AAS are cheap and easily obtained via internet or local suppliers. AAS are mostly used in cycles with a duration between 6 and 18 weeks. Most AAS cycles contain multiple agents, used simultaneously in a dose vastly exceeding a substitution dose. A variety of other performance and image-enhancing drugs are commonly used, including human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, tamoxifen, clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Short-term clinical and biochemical side effects are well established. Longterm side effects are uncertain, but may include heart failure, mood-and anxiety disorders, hypogonadism and subfertility. We share our views on the management of common health problems associated with AAS abuse.
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