Journal
FRONTIERS OF MEDICINE
Volume 14, Issue 5, Pages 533-541Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0786-5
Keywords
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); SARS-CoV-2; neurological manifestations; neuroinvasion; brain
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81873726, 81971012, 81901095]
- Peking University Clinical Medicine plus X Youth Project [PKU2020LCXQ016]
- Key Clinical Projects of Peking University Third Hospital [BYSYZD2019027]
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic in only 3 months. In addition to major respiratory distress, characteristic neurological manifestations are also described, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 may be an underestimated opportunistic pathogen of the brain. Based on previous studies of neuroinvasive human respiratory coronaviruses, it is proposed that after physical contact with the nasal mucosa, laryngopharynx, trachea, lower respiratory tract, alveoli epithelium, or gastrointestinal mucosa, SARS-CoV-2 can induce intrinsic and innate immune responses in the host involving increased cytokine release, tissue damage, and high neurosusceptibility to COVID-19, especially in the hypoxic conditions caused by lung injury. In some immune-compromised individuals, the virus may invade the brain through multiple routes, such as the vasculature and peripheral nerves. Therefore, in addition to drug treatments, such as pharmaceuticals and traditional Chinese medicine, non-pharmaceutical precautions, including facemasks and hand hygiene, are critically important.
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