Journal
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
Volume 10, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/app10082968
Keywords
3D printing; craniomaxillofacial surgery; medical imaging; computed tomography (CT); segmentation; digital design; CAD; implants; cumulative error; error propagation; standard uncertainty; spatial accuracy; quality control; quality assurance
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Funding
- Metrology for Additively Manufactured Medical Implants (MetAMMI) project from the EMPIR program
- European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
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Featured Application Accuracy of additively manufactured implants for clinical surgery. Abstract In craniomaxillofacial surgical procedures, an emerging practice adopts the preoperative virtual planning that uses medical imaging (computed tomography), 3D thresholding (segmentation), 3D modeling (digital design), and additive manufacturing (3D printing) for the procurement of an end-use implant. The objective of this case study was to evaluate the cumulative spatial inaccuracies arising from each step of the process chain when various computed tomography protocols and thresholding values were independently changed. A custom-made quality assurance instrument (Phantom) was used to evaluate the medical imaging error. A sus domesticus (domestic pig) head was analyzed to determine the 3D thresholding error. The 3D modeling error was estimated from the computer-aided design software. Finally, the end-use implant was used to evaluate the additive manufacturing error. The results were verified using accurate measurement instruments and techniques. A worst-case cumulative error of 1.7 mm (3.0%) was estimated for one boundary condition and 2.3 mm (4.1%) for two boundary conditions considering the maximum length (56.9 mm) of the end-use implant. Uncertainty from the clinical imaging to the end-use implant was 0.8 mm (1.4%). This study helps practitioners establish and corroborate surgical practices that are within the bounds of an appropriate accuracy for clinical treatment and restoration.
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