Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Recovery Following Stroke Via Regulation of Inflammation and Oligodendrogenesis

BACKGROUND: Brain repair mechanisms fail to promote recovery after stroke, and approaches to induce brain regeneration are scarce. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are thought to be a promising therapeutic option. However, their efficacy is not fully elucidated, and the mechanism underlying their effect is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS: The middle cerebral artery occlusion model was utilized to determine the efficacy of interferon--.-activated mesenchymal stem cells (aMSC.) as an acute therapy for stroke. Here we show that treatment with aMSC. is a more potent therapy for stroke than naive MSC. aMSC. treatment results in significant functional recovery assessed by the modified neurological severity score and open--field analysis compared with vehicle--treated animals. aMSC.--treated animals showed significant reductions in infarct size and inhibition of microglial activation. The aMSC. treatment suppressed the hypoxia-induced microglial proinflammatory phenotype more effectively than treatment with naive MSC. Importantly, treatment with aMSC. induced recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to myelin--producing oligodendrocytes in vivo. To elucidate the mechanism underlying high efficacy of aMSC. therapy, we examined the secretome of aMSC. and compared it to that of naive MSC. Intriguingly, we found that aMSC. but not nMSC upregulated neuron--glia antigen 2, an important extracellular signal and a hallmark protein of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that activation of MSC with interferon--. induces a potent proregenerative, promyelinating, and anti--inflammatory phenotype of these cells, which increases the potency of aMSC. as an effective therapy for ischemic stroke.