Journal
IMMUNITY & AGEING
Volume 17, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00181-1
Keywords
Influenza; Influenza vaccination; Hemagglutination inhibition antibody response; Broadly neutralizing antibodies; CD4 and CD8 T cell response; Cytokines; Granzyme B; Dendritic cells; Vaccine adjuvants
Categories
Funding
- NIH [R01AG048023]
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Despite widespread influenza vaccination programs, influenza remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Age-related changes in multiple aspects of the adaptive immune response to influenza have been well-documented including a decline in antibody responses to influenza vaccination and changes in the cell-mediated response associated with immune senescence. This review will focus on T cell responses to influenza and influenza vaccination in older adults, and how increasing frailty or coexistence of multiple (>= 2) chronic conditions contributes to the loss of vaccine effectiveness for the prevention of hospitalization. Further, dysregulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators contributes to a decline in the generation of an effective CD8 T cell response needed to clear influenza virus from the lungs. Current influenza vaccines provide only a weak stimulus to this arm of the adaptive immune response and rely on re-stimulation of CD8 T cell memory related to prior exposure to influenza virus. Efforts to improve vaccine effectiveness in older adults will be fruitless until CD8 responses take center stage.
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