Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 144, Issue -, Pages 2321-2328Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.135
Keywords
Risk assessment; Agriculture; Honey bees; Metabolites; Imidaclorpid; LD50
Categories
Funding
- Engineering Research Council of Canada [326415-07]
- Western Economic Diversification Canada [6578, 6807]
- Canada Foundation for Infrastructure
- Meadow Ridge Enterprises LTD
- Saskatchewan Beekeepers Development Commission
- Saskatchewan Agriculture through the Agriculture Development Commission [20130110.SBDC]
- Canada Research Chair program
- High Level Foreign Experts - State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, the P.R. China [GDT20143200016]
- Einstein Professor Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) and their transformation products were detected in honey, pollen and honey bees, (Apis mellifera) from hives located within 30 km of the City of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Clothianidin and thiamethoxam were the most frequently detected NIs, found in 68 and 75% of honey samples at mean concentrations of 8.2 and 17.2 ng g(-1) wet mass, (wm), respectively. Clothianidin was also found in >50% of samples of bees and pollen. Concentrations of clothianidin in bees exceed the LD50 in 2 of 28 samples, while for other NIs concentrations were typically 10-100-fold less than the oral LD50. Imidaclorpid was detected in similar to 30% of samples of honey, but only 5% of pollen and concentrations were
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