Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 165, Issue -, Pages 519-528Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.074
Keywords
Imidazolium ionic liquids; Phytotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Antioxidant enzyme activity; Photosynthetic pigments
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Funding
- Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture of West Pomeranian University of Technology [518-07-039-3171-03/18]
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa [DS/WMP/6047/2016]
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Increasing amounts of two ILs: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6] and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMMIM][PF6], were introduced to soil in which spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers.) seedlings were cultivated, in order to evaluate the phytotoxicity of ionic liquids with imidazolium cation with two or three alkyl substituents attached. The results of the study i.e. the inhibition of the length of plants and their roots, as well as the yield of fresh weight of plants, clearly showed that differences in the number of substituents did not affect the toxicity of these ILs. Although, radish was more resistant to the applied ionic liquids than barley. Ionic liquids led to a decrease in the content of all assimilation pigments and induced oxidative stress in the plants, as showed by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and changes in the level of H2O2 and antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). The best biomarkers of oxidative stress in both plants were the changes in chlorophyll content and the increase in POD activity. Both spring barley and radish exposed to [BMIM][PF6] and [BMMIM][PF6] accumulated a large amount of fluoride ions, which further increased the toxicity of these compounds for both plants. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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