Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 154, Issue -, Pages 408-415Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.106
Keywords
Calmodulin; Endocytosis; Lanthanum; Molecular basis
Categories
Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of China [21371100, 21501068, 31170477]
- Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China [20130093120006]
- Research and Innovation Project for Postgraduates of Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province [KYLX_1161]
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
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The wide application of rare earth elements (REEs) have led to their diffusion and accumulation in the environment. The activation of endocytosis is the primary response of plant cells to REEs. Calmodulin (CaM), as an important substance in calcium (Ca) signaling systems, regulating almost all of the physiological activities in plants, such as cellular metabolism, cell growth and division. However, the response of CaM to endocytosis activated by REEs remains unknown. By using immunofluorescence labeling and a confocal laser scanning microscope, we found that trivalent lanthanum [La(III)], an REE ion, affected the expression of CaM in endocytosis. Using circular dichroism, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and computer simulations, we demonstrated that a low concentration of La(III) could interact with extra cellular CaM by electrostatic attraction and was then bound to two Ca-binding sites of CaM, making the molecular structure more compact and orderly, whereas a high concentration of La(III) could be coordinated with cytoplasmic CaM or bound to other Ca-binding sites, making the molecular structure more loose and disorderly. Our results provide a reference for revealing the action mechanisms of REEs in plant cells. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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