The new aspects of using some safe feed additives on alleviated imidacloprid toxicity in farmed fish: a review

Intensive fish culturing systems depend on provides optimal water quality conditions. Hence, the most important aquaculture practices are the removal of contamination elements related not only to the water quality parameters unacceptable for aquatic species but also to the undesirable effect on the health of fish and consumers. During the last three decades, common applications and production of pesticides have amplified progressively. Due to the excessive use of imidacloprid as a highly effective insecticide, elevated accumulation is expected in an aquatic environment. A large part of applied pesticides emitted into the environment and only a small portion of them reach the final biological target, where it caused several hazards, such as accumulation and toxicity to non-target creatures. Plant-derived secondary metabolites are getting great attention due to their safety and therapeutic functions. Also, several feed additives in animal diets can act as chemopreventive agents, which have the potential to decrease the toxicity risk of many pollutants and detoxification of activated metabolites. Understanding the internal action mechanisms of various safe feed additives could lead to the novel therapeutic approaches for acute and chronic pesticide toxicity. This review intends to summarize how safe feed additives alter or mitigate the toxic effects of imidacloprid in farmed fish.