Consequences of Iodine Deficiency and Excess in Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Background:Insufficient or excessive iodine intake during gestation may compromise adaptive mechanisms in maternal thyroid function and lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this context, we aimed to study the effects of maternal iodine status in the first and third trimesters of gestation on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in an iodine-sufficient population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods:A total of 214 pregnant women in the first trimester of gestation were enrolled and prospectively followed until delivery between 2014 and 2017. All participants were >= 18 and <= 35 years, had a spontaneous single pregnancy, and had no history of thyroid or other chronic diseases, nor were they taking iodine-containing supplements at enrollment. In the first trimester, we obtained clinical information and determined thyroid function and the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the participants. Thyroid function and UIC were reassessed in the third trimester. Iodine status was determined by the median of UIC obtained from six urine spot samples by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes and delivery information were obtained from medical records. Results:The median UIC in the whole population was 219.7 mu g/L. The prevalence of UIC <150 mu g/L was 17.2%, and 38.7% had UIC >= 250 mu g/L. Gestational diabetes (GDM) was higher in the group with UIC 250-499 mu g/L (n = 77) compared with the group with UIC 150-249 mu g/L (n = 94) (20.3% vs. 9.7%,p < 0.05). Ultimately, UIC >= 250 mu g/L was an independent risk factors for GDM (relative risk [RR] = 2.9 [confidence interval, CI = 1.1-7.46],p = 0.027) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) (RR = 4.6 [CI = 1.1-18.0],p = 0.029). Among 196 live-born newborns, lower birth length was observed in infants whose mothers had UIC <150 mu g/L (n = 37) in the first trimester compared with those with UIC 150-249 mu g/L (n = 86) (median interquartile range: 48.0 [2.2] vs. 49.0 [4.0] cm,p = 0.01). Maternal UIC <150 mu g/L was negatively associated with birth length of newborns (Exp (B) = 0.33 [CI = 0.1-0.9],p = 0.03). Conclusions:In a population whose median iodine intake is sufficient, extensive individual variation occurs. Such abnormalities are associated with increased GDM and HDP when UIC is >= 250 mu g/L, and lower infant birth length when UIC is <150 mu g/L.