Phylogenetic lineages and the role of hybridization as driving force of evolution in grass supertribe Poodae

To investigate the evolutionary diversification and morphological evolution of grass supertribe Poodae (subfam. Pooideae, Poaceae) we conducted a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis including representatives from most of its accepted genera. We focused on generating a DNA sequence dataset of plastidmatKgene-3 ' trnKexon andtrnL-trnFregions and nuclear ribosomal (nr) ITS1-5.8S gene-ITS2 and ETS that was taxonomically overlapping as completely as possible (altogether 257 species). The idea was to infer whether phylogenetic trees or certain clades based on plastid and nrDNA data correspond with each other or discord, revealing signatures of past hybridization. The datasets were analysed separately, in combination, by excluding taxa with discordant placements in the individual gene trees and with duplication of these taxa in a way that each duplicate has only one data partition (plastid or nrDNA). We used maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Instances of severe conflicts between the phylogenetic trees derived from both datasets, some of which have been noted earlier, point to hybrid origin of several lineages such as the ABCV clade encompassing several subtribes and subordinate clades, subtribes Airinae, Anthoxanthinae, Antinoriinae, subtr. nov., Aristaveninae, Avenulinae, subtr. nov., Helictochloinae, subtr. nov., Holcinae, Phalaridinae, Scolochloinae, Sesleriinae, Torreyochloinae and generaArctopoa,Castellia,Graphephorum,Hyalopodium,Lagurus,Macrobriza,PuccinelliaplusSclerochloa,Sesleria,Tricholemma,Tzveleviochloa, etc. 'Calamagrostis'flavensappears to be an intergeneric hybrid betweenAgrostisandCalamagrostis. Analyses excluding all lineages with demonstrably cytonuclear discordance revealed three supported main clades within Poodae that were present in both the plastid and nrDNA trees. They fully corresponded in their delineation but were phylogenetically differently arranged, pointing to hybrid origin of one of them. We propose to consider these main clades in classification as separate tribes Aveneae, Poeae s.str. and Festuceae with a phylogenetic arrangement of Aveneae(Poeae,Festuceae) in plastid versus Festuceae(Aveneae,Poeae) in nrDNA trees. Phylogenetic incongruence of the plastid and nuclear markers extends across all hierarchical taxonomic levels of Poodae, ranging from species (not studied here) to genera, subtribes and tribes, therefore the deepest taxonomic levels, emphasizing the enormous significance of reticulate evolution in this large group of grasses. A partly revised classification is presented, including the introduction of a new tribe Festuceae and a re-instatement of tribe Aveneae. Following a comparatively narrow delineation of preferably monophyletic subtribes, Antinoriinae, Avenulinae, Brizochloinae, Helictochloinae and Hypseochloinae are described as new. New genera areArctohyalopoaandHyalopodium. New combinations areAnthoxanthum glabrumsubsp.sibiricum,A. nitenssubsp.kolymense,Arctohyalopoa ivanovae,A. jurtzevii,A. lanatiflora,A. momica,Colpodium biebersteinianum,C. kochii,C.pisidicum,C. trichopodum,C. verticillatum,Dupontia fulva,Festuca masafuerana,F. robinsoniana,Graphephorum canescens,G. cernuum,Hyalopodium araraticum,Paracolpodium baltistanicum,Parapholis cylindrica,P. xpauneroi.Festuca dolichatheraandF. masatierraeare new names.