Journal
STATISTICS IN MEDICINE
Volume 39, Issue 16, Pages 2197-2231Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/sim.8532
Keywords
Berkson error; classical error; differential error; measurement error; misclassification; nondifferential error; regression calibration; sample size; SIMEX; simulation extrapolation
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Funding
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [RGPIN-2019-03957]
- Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) [R-1609-36207]
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [NCI P30CA012197, U01-CA057030, R01-AI131771]
- MRC [MR/M014827/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- UKRI [MR/S017968/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Measurement error and misclassification of variables frequently occur in epidemiology and involve variables important to public health. Their presence can impact strongly on results of statistical analyses involving such variables. However, investigators commonly fail to pay attention to biases resulting from such mismeasurement. We provide, in two parts, an overview of the types of error that occur, their impacts on analytic results, and statistical methods to mitigate the biases that they cause. In this first part, we review different types of measurement error and misclassification, emphasizing the classical, linear, and Berkson models, and on the concepts of nondifferential and differential error. We describe the impacts of these types of error in covariates and in outcome variables on various analyses, including estimation and testing in regression models and estimating distributions. We outline types of ancillary studies required to provide information about such errors and discuss the implications of covariate measurement error for study design. Methods for ascertaining sample size requirements are outlined, both for ancillary studies designed to provide information about measurement error and for main studies where the exposure of interest is measured with error. We describe two of the simpler methods, regression calibration and simulation extrapolation (SIMEX), that adjust for bias in regression coefficients caused by measurement error in continuous covariates, and illustrate their use through examples drawn from the Observing Protein and Energy (OPEN) dietary validation study. Finally, we review software available for implementing these methods. The second part of the article deals with more advanced topics.
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