Methods and Protocols for Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials Research

We present an overview of the procedures and methods to prepare and evaluate materials for electrochemical cells in battery research in our laboratory, including cell fabrication, two- and three-electrode cell studies, and methodology for evaluating diffusion coefficients and impedance measurements. Informative characterization techniques employed to assess new materials for batteries are also described, including operando XRD, pair-distribution function analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Examples of insightful information that each technique has provided in the research areas of Li-S, Na-ion, and Mg batteries are presented along with excellent references for detailed descriptions of the theory, experimental procedures, and various designs, as well as methods for data processing and analysis.