The Role of Telomerase in Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability

Findings from previous studies have suggested that the telomerase system is involved in radiation-induced genomic instability. In this study, we investigated the involvement of telomerase in the development and processing of chromosomal damage at different cell cycle stages after irradiation of human fibroblasts. Several response criteria were investigated, including cell survival, chromosomal damage (using the micronucleus assay), G(2)-induced chromatid aberrations (using the conventional G(2) assay as well as a chemically-induced premature chromosome condensation assay) and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs; using gamma-H2AX, 53BP1 and Rad51) in an isogenic pair of cell lines: BJ human foreskin fibroblasts and BJ1-hTERT, a telomerase-immortalized BJ cell line. To distinguish among G(1), S and G(2) phase, cells were co-immunostained for CENP-F and cyclin A, which are tightly regulated proteins in the cell cycle. After X-ray irradiation at doses in the range of 0.1-6 Gy, the results showed that for cell survival and micronuclei induction, where the overall effect is dominated by the cells in G(1) and S phase, no difference was observed between the two cell types; in contrast, when radiation sensitivity at the G(2) stage of the cell cycle was analyzed, a significantly higher number of chromatid-type aberrations (breaks and exchanges), and higher levels of gamma-H2AX and of Rad51 foci were observed for the BJ cells compared to the BJ1-hTERT cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that telomerase appears to be involved in DNA DSB repair processes, mainly in the G(2) phase. These data, taken overall, reinforce the notion that hTERT or other elements of the telomere/telomerase system may defend chromosome integrity in human fibroblasts by promoting repair in G(2) phase of the cell cycle. (C) 2020 by Radiation Research Society