Journal
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE
Volume 51, Issue 11, Pages 1890-1897Publisher
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291720000665
Keywords
ADHD; ALSPAC; causal; depression; longitudinal; Mendelian randomization
Categories
Funding
- Wellcome [102215/2/13/2, 092731, 204895/Z/16/Z]
- MRC [092731, MR/M006727/1]
- UK Medical Research Council [MC_UU_00011/1, MC_UU_00011/3]
- MRC [MC_UU_00011/1, MC_PC_19009] Funding Source: UKRI
- Wellcome Trust [204895/Z/16/Z] Funding Source: Wellcome Trust
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ADHD in childhood is associated with increased risk of recurrent depression in young adulthood, and there is a causal effect of ADHD genetic liability on subsequent major depression, although the influence on broadly defined depression is weaker.
Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with later depression and there is considerable genetic overlap between them. This study investigated if ADHD and ADHD genetic liability are causally related to depression using two different methods. Methods First, a longitudinal population cohort design was used to assess the association between childhood ADHD (age 7 years) and recurrent depression in young-adulthood (age 18-25 years) in N = 8310 individuals in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Second, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses examined relationships between genetic liability for ADHD and depression utilising published Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data. Results Childhood ADHD was associated with an increased risk of recurrent depression in young-adulthood (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05-1.73). MR analyses suggested a causal effect of ADHD genetic liability on major depression (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12-1.31). MR findings using a broader definition of depression differed, showing a weak influence on depression (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.13). Conclusions Our findings suggest that ADHD increases the risk of depression later in life and are consistent with a causal effect of ADHD genetic liability on subsequent major depression. However, findings were different for more broadly defined depression.
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