Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 117, Issue 23, Pages 12891-12896Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916923117
Keywords
latitudinal diversity gradients; planktonic foraminifera; temperature; Last Glacial Maximum; climate change
Categories
Funding
- bioDISCOVERY, Future Earth
- Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China [HKU 17302518, HKU 17303115, HKU 17311316]
- Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research of the University of Hong Kong [201611159053, 201711159057]
- Faculty of Science RAE Improvement Fund of the University of Hong Kong
- Ministry of Science Technology Taiwan [108-2611-M-002-001]
- Program for Advancing Strategic International Networks to Accelerate the Circulation of Talented Researchers, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [KI 806/16-1, FOR 2332]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany's Excellence Strategy [EXC-2077, 390741603]
- Jarislowsky Foundation
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A major research question concerning global pelagic biodiversity remains unanswered: when did the apparent tropical biodiversity depression (i.e., bimodality of latitudinal diversity gradient [LDG]) begin? The bimodal LDG may be a consequence of recent ocean warming or of deep-time evolutionary speciation and extinction processes. Using rich fossil datasets of planktonic foraminifers, we show here that a unimodal (or only weakly bimodal) diversity gradient, with a plateau in the tropics, occurred during the last ice age and has since then developed into a bimodal gradient through species distribution shifts driven by postglacial ocean warming. The bimodal LDG likely emerged before the Anthropocene and industrialization, and perhaps ?15,000 y ago, indicating a strong environmental control of tropical diversity even before the start of anthropogenic warming. However, our model projec-tions suggest that future anthropogenic warming further dimin-ishes tropical pelagic diversity to a level not seen in millions of years.
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