Journal
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
Volume 45, Issue 12, Pages 3377-3399Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00710k
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Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the Priority Programme 1570 Porose Medien mit definierter Porenstruktur in der Verfahrenstechnik - Modellierung, Anwendungen, Synthese'' [1570, Hu 1427/6- 1]
- Austrian Science Foundation FWF [I 1605-N20]
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The development of synthetic routes to hierarchically organized porous materials containing multiple, discrete sets of pores having disparate length scales is of high interest for a wide range of applications. One possible route towards the formation of multilevel porous architectures relies on the processing of condensable, network forming precursors (sol-gel processes) in the presence of molecular porogens, lyotropic mesophases, supramolecular architectures, emulsions, organic polymers, or ice. In this review the focus is on sol-gel processing of inorganic and organic precursors with concurrently occurring microscopic and/or macroscopic phase separation for the formation of self-supporting monoliths. The potential and the limitations of the solution-based approaches is presented with special emphasis to recent examples of hierarchically organized silica, metal oxides and phosphates as well as carbon monoliths.
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