Journal
CHEMICAL REVIEWS
Volume 116, Issue 6, Pages 3487-3539Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/cr5002657
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Funding
- NSF [NSF-CHE-14162121]
- Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-SC0014561]
- Integrated Mesoscale Architectures for Sustainable Catalysis (IMASC), Energy Frontier Research Center - U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences [DE-SC0012573]
- National Science Foundation [NSF-OIA-1539105, NSF-CBET-1264798, CTS-0306688, CBET 0553445, CBET 1134464]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Science [DE-FG02-07ER46442, DE-SC0004954]
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys [1264798] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Chemistry
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1462121] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office of Integrative Activities
- Office Of The Director [1539105] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Heterogeneous catalysis is a chemical process performed at a solid gas or solid liquid interface. Direct participation of catalyst atoms in this chemical process determines the significance of the surface structure of a catalyst in a fundamental understanding of such a chemical process at a molecular level. High-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (HP-STM) and environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) have been used to observe catalyst structure in the last few decades. In this review, instrumentation for the two in situ/operando techniques and scientific findings on catalyst structures under reaction conditions and during catalysis are discussed with the following objectives: (1) to present the fundamental aspects of in situ/operando studies of catalysts; (2) to interpret the observed restructurings of catalyst and evolution of catalyst structures; (3) to explore how HP-STM and ETEM can be synergistically used to reveal structural details under reaction conditions and during catalysis; and (4) to discuss the future challenges and prospects of atomic-scale observation of catalysts in understanding of heterogeneous catalysis. This Review focuses on the development of HP-STM and ETEM, the in situ/operando characterizations Of catalyst structures with them, and the integration of the two structural analytical techniques for fundamentally understanding catalysis.
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