Journal
CHEMICAL REVIEWS
Volume 116, Issue 19, Pages 12234-12327Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00290
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Funding
- National Basic Research Program of China [2012CB85802, 2015CB352005]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31671491, 61235012, 61335001, 81301318, 81501213]
- Guangdong Natural Science Foundation [2014A030312008]
- Basic Research Foundation of Shenzhen [JCYJ20140418095735543, JCYJ20140418091413563, JCYJ20140418182819164]
- China Scholarship Council (CSC)
- Singapore Ministry of Education [Tier 2 MOE2010-T2-2-010, M4020020.040 ARC2/11, Tier 1 M4010360.040 RG29/10]
- NTU-NHG Innovation Collaboration Grant [M4061202.040]
- NTU-A*STAR Silicon Technologies
- Centre of Excellence [11235100003]
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at NTU
- New York State Center of Excellence in Materials Informatics
- Research Foundation of SUNY
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This review summarizes recent progress in the design and applications of cadmium-free quantum dots (Cd-free QDs), with an emphasis on their role in biophotonics and nanomedicine. We first present the features of Cd-free QDs and describe the physics and emergent optical properties of various types of Cd-free QDs whose applications are discussed in subsequent sections. Selected specific QD systems are introduced, followed by the preparation of these Cd-free QDs in a form useful for biological applications, including recent advances in achieving high photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) and tunability of emission color. Next, we summarize biophotonic applications of Cd-free QDs in optical imaging, photoacoustic imaging, sensing, optical tracking, and photothermal therapy. Research advances in the use of Cd-free QDs for nanomedicine applications are discussed, including drug/gene delivery, protein/peptide delivery, image-guided surgery, diagnostics, and medical devices. The review then considers the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Cd-free QDs and summarizes current studies on the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of Cd-free QDs. Finally, we provide perspectives on the overall current status, challenges, and future directions in this field.
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