Journal
NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH
Volume 45, Issue 6, Pages 1344-1353Publisher
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03014-1
Keywords
Astrocytes; d-Serine; Excitotoxicity; Glutamic acid; gamma-Amino-butyric acid (GABA); Serine racemase
Categories
Funding
- Whitehall Foundation [2018-05-107]
- BrightFocus Foundation [A2019034S]
- NIA [1R03AG063201-01]
- [R01MH05190]
- [P50MH0G0450]
- [R01NS098740-02]
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Shape-shifting, a phenomenon wide-spread in folklore, refers to the ability to physically change from one identity to another, typically from an innocuous entity to a destructive one. The amino acid d-serine over the last 25 years has shape-shifted into several identities: a purported glial transmitter activating N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a co-transmitter concentrated in excitatory glutamatergic neurons, an autocrine that is released at dendritic spines to prime their post-synaptic NMDARs for an instantaneous response to glutamate and an excitotoxic moiety released from inflammatory (A1) astrocytes. This article will review evidence in support of these scenarios and the artifacts that misled investigators of the true identity of d-serine.
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