The genomics of coloration provides insights into adaptive evolution

Colour traits have been useful for studying the genetics underlying adaptive evolution. This Review discusses how genomic technologies are providing a deeper understanding of these traits, revealing fresh insights into their genetic architecture, evolvability and origins of adaptive variation. Coloration is an easily quantifiable visual trait that has proven to be a highly tractable system for genetic analysis and for studying adaptive evolution. The application of genomic approaches to evolutionary studies of coloration is providing new insight into the genetic architectures underlying colour traits, including the importance of large-effect mutations and supergenes, the role of development in shaping genetic variation and the origins of adaptive variation, which often involves adaptive introgression. Improved knowledge of the genetic basis of traits can facilitate field studies of natural selection and sexual selection, making it possible for strong selection and its influence on the genome to be demonstrated in wild populations.