In vivo toxicities of nine engineered nano metal oxides to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum and rotifer Brachionus koreanus

This study compared in vivo acute toxicities of nine engineered nano metal oxides to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum and rotifer Brachionus koreanus. The sequence of their toxicities to S. costatum, based on growth inhibition, was: nano zinc oxide (nZnO) > nTiO(2) (rutile) > nMgO > Annealed nMgO > nTiO(2) (anatase) > gamma-nAl(2)O(3) > nln(2)O(3) > alpha-nAl(2)O(3) > nSnO(2). Similarly, nZnO was also the most toxic to B. koreanus, but the other nano metal oxides were non-lethal. nMgO and nZnO were confirmed to trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated toxicity to the two marine organisms, while nTiO(2) (both anatase and rutile forms) likely induced oxidative stress as shown by their acellular ROS production. nZnO may also cause damage in the endocrine system of B. koreanus, as indicated by the increased transcription of retinoid X receptor. Annealed nMgO reduces its toxicity via removal of O-2 and impurities from its surface.