Freezing, Melting, and Light Stress on the Photophysiology of Ice Algae: Ex Situ Incubation of the Ice Algal diatomFragilariopsis cylindrus(Bacillariophyceae) Using an Ice Tank

Sea ice algae contribute up to 25% of the primary productivity of polar seas and seed large-scale ice-edge blooms. Fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and light associated with the freeze/thaw cycle can significantly impact the photophysiology of ice-associated taxa. The effects of multiple co-stressors (i.e., freezing temperature and high brine salinity or sudden high light exposure) on the photophysiology of ice algae were investigated in a series of ice tank experiments with the polar diatomFragilariopsis cylindrusunder different light intensities. When algal cells were frozen into the ice, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (PSII;F-v/F-m) decreased possibly due to the damage of PSII reaction centers and/or high brine salinity stress suppressing the reduction capacity downstream of PSII. Expression of therbcL gene was highly up-regulated, suggesting that cells initiated strategies to enhance survival upon freezing in. Algae contained within the ice-matrix displayed similar levels ofF(v)/F(m)regardless of the light treatments. Upon melting out, cells were exposed to high light (800 mu mol photons center dot m(-2) center dot s(-1)), resulting in a rapid decline inF(v)/F(m)and significant up-regulation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). These results suggest that ice algae employed safety valves (i.e., NPQ) to maintain their photosynthetic capability during the sudden environmental changes. Our results infer that sea ice algae are highly adaptable when exposed to multiple co-stressors and that their success can, in part, be explained by the ability to rapidly modify their photosynthetic competence - a key factor contributing to algal bloom formation in the polar seas.