Tracing Self-Reactive B Cells in Normal Mice

BCR transgenic mice dominate studies of B cell tolerance; consequently, tolerance in normal mice expressing diverse sets of autoreactive B cells is poorly characterized. We have used single B cell cultures to trace self-reactivity in BCR repertoires across the first and second tolerance checkpoints and in tolerized B cell compartments of normal mice. This approach reveals affinity setpoints that define each checkpoint and a subset of tolerized, autoreactive B cells that is long-lived. In normal mice, the numbers of B cells avidly specific for DNA fall significantly as small pre-B become immature and transitional-1 B cells, revealing the first tolerance checkpoint. By contrast, DNA reactivity does not significantly change when immature and transitional-1 B cells become mature follicular B cells, showing that the second checkpoint does not reduce DNA reactivity. In the spleen, autoreactivity was high in transitional-3 (T3) B cells, CD93(+)IgM(-/lo)IgD(hi) anergic B cells, and a CD93(-) anergic subset. Whereas splenic T3 and CD93(+) anergic B cells are short-lived, CD93(-)IgM(-/lo)IgD(hi) B cells have half-lives comparable to mature follicular B cells. B cell- specific deletion of proapoptotic genes, Bak and Bax, resulted in increased CD93(-)IgM(-/lo)IgD(hi) B cell numbers but not T3 B cell numbers, suggesting that apoptosis regulates differently persistent and ephemeral autoreactive B cells. The self-reactivity and longevity of CD93(-)IgM(-/lo)IgD(hi) B cells and their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into plasmacytes in response to CD40 activation in vitro lead us to propose that this persistent, self-reactive compartment may be the origin of systemic autoimmunity and a potential target for vaccines to elicit protective Abs cross-reactive with self-antigens.