Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 21, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072286
Keywords
extracellular vesicles (EVs); cancer immune tolerance; immune checkpoints; PD-1/PD-L1 axis
Funding
- Fondazione AIRC per la Ricerca sul Cancro [18783]
- PON Ricerca e Innovazione
- AIRC fellowship [22542]
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The modulation of the immune system is one of the hallmarks of cancer. It is now widely described that cancer cells are able to evade the immune response and thus establish immune tolerance. The exploration of the mechanisms underlying this ability of cancer cells has always attracted the scientific community and is the basis for the development of new promising cancer therapies. Recent evidence has highlighted how extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a mechanism by which cancer cells promote immune escape by inducing phenotypic changes on different immune cell populations. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on the role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) in regulating immune checkpoints, focusing on the PD-L1/PD-1 axis.
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