Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 21, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062066
Keywords
hydroquinone; Resvega; retinal pigment epithelial cell; ROS; ARPE-19; cell viability; inflammation; antioxidant; NF-kappa B; NADPH oxidase
Funding
- Academy of Finland [297267, 307341, 328443, 296840]
- Emil Aaltonen Foundation
- Paivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation
- Finnish Eye Foundation
- Sigrid Juselius Foundation
- Sokeain Ystavat ry, Silma-ja Kudospankkisaatio
- Academy of Finland (AKA) [328443, 296840, 297267, 307341, 296840, 297267, 307341, 328443] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA)
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Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells maintain homeostasis at the retina and they are under continuous oxidative stress. Cigarette smoke is a prominent environmental risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which further increases the oxidant load in retinal tissues. In this study, we measured oxidative stress and inflammatory markers upon cigarette smoke-derived hydroquinone exposure on human ARPE-19 cells. In addition, we studied the effects of commercial Resvega product on hydroquinone-induced oxidative stress. Previously, it was observed that Resvega induces autophagy during impaired protein clearance in ARPE-19 cells, for which it has the potential to alleviate pro-inflammatory pathways. Cell viability was determined while using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, and the cytokine levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured using the 2 ',7 '-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H(2)DCFDA) probe. Hydroquinone compromised the cell viability and increased ROS production in ARPE-19 cells. Resvega significantly improved cell viability upon hydroquinone exposure and reduced the release of interleukin (IL)-8 and monocytic chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 from RPE cells. Resvega, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (APDC) alleviated hydroquinone-induced ROS production in RPE cells. Collectively, our results indicate that hydroquinone induces cytotoxicity and increases oxidative stress through NADPH oxidase activity in RPE cells, and resveratrol-containing Resvega products prevent those adverse effects.
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