4.4 Review

Survey of CSI fingerprinting-based indoor positioning and mobility tracking systems

Journal

IET SIGNAL PROCESSING
Volume 14, Issue 7, Pages 407-419

Publisher

INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET
DOI: 10.1049/iet-spr.2020.0028

Keywords

indoor communication; MIMO communication; indoor radio; fingerprint identification; tracking; wireless sensor networks; indoor positioning systems; range-based methods; calculated distances; multiple reference points; range-free strategies; acquired fingerprint data; position estimate; channel state information; CSI; received signal strength indicator; nonline-of-sight channels; cm-level positioning accuracy; single reference point; mobility tracking systems; site surveying; signal preprocessing; multiple-input multiple-output antennas; high positioning resolution

Funding

  1. University Grant Committee (UGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), China [15201118]
  2. Hong Kong Polytechnic University [G-YBXJ]
  3. National Key R&D Program of China [2019YFB1803502]

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Techniques for indoor positioning systems (IPSs) can be categorised as range-based or range-free. Range-based methods rely on geometric mappings to approximate a location given the calculated distances or angles from multiple reference points. In contrast, range-free strategies utilise fingerprinting, wherein an acquired fingerprint data is compared to a pre-collected dataset to identify the best position estimate. Among these, fingerprinting of channel state information (CSI) is preferred over other information such as received signal strength indicator as the former can exploit the effect of multipath propagation and is robust against non-line-of-sight channels. CSI has the potential to achieve cm-level positioning accuracy with a single reference point only. In this study, the authors survey CSI fingerprinting-based indoor positioning and mobility tracking systems. The process of fingerprinting that includes site surveying and signal preprocessing is discussed in detail. They determine the potential challenges of such systems and propose remedies to improve positioning accuracy. In general, spatial diversity, such as multiple-input multiple-output antennas and wireless sensor networks, or frequency diversity (e.g. high subcarrier count, frequency hopping mechanism) are exploited to achieve high positioning resolution. Such IPS can also be enhanced via additional sensors or spatial graphs for motion detection and tracking.

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