Journal
ESTUARIES AND COASTS
Volume 43, Issue 5, Pages 943-959Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s12237-019-00690-3
Keywords
Disturbance; Coastal ecosystem; Fish; Invertebrates; Biogeochemistry; Mangroves; Seagrass; Hurricane Harvey
Funding
- National Science Foundation [1903760, 1760006, 1761677, 1761414, 1761428, 1763167, 1807143, 1761444, 1654232]
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [NA15NOS4780185]
- Texas College Research Enhancement Fund
- National Sea Grant Office, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce [NA14OAR4170102, NA18OAR4170088]
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1761428, 1761414, 1903760] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1761677, 1761444] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Ocean Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [1654232] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Ocean Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [1760006, 1763167, 1807143] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Tropical cyclones are major disturbances for coastal systems. Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Texas, USA, on August 25, 2017 as a category 4 storm. There were two distinct disturbances associated with this storm that were spatially decoupled: (1) high winds causing direct damage and storm surge, and (2) high rains causing scouring floods and significant discharge of fresh water carrying carbon and nutrients to estuaries. Here, we provide a synthesis of the effects of Hurricane Harvey on biogeochemical, hydrographic, and biotic components of freshwater and estuarine systems and their comparative resistance and resilience to wind- and rain-driven disturbances. Wind-driven disturbances were most severe along the coastal barrier islands and lower estuaries, damaging mangroves and seagrass and increasing sediment coarseness. Rain-driven disturbances were most pronounced within freshwater streams and the upper estuaries. Large volumes of freshwater run-off reduced the abundance of riverine fauna and caused hypoxic and hyposaline conditions in the estuaries for over a week. In response to this freshwater input event, benthic fauna diversity and abundance decreased, but mobile fauna such as estuarine fishes did not markedly change. Although hydrographic and biogeochemical components were highly perturbed, they returned to baseline conditions within days. In contrast, biotic components demonstrated lower magnitude changes, but some of these organisms, particularly the sedentary flora and fauna, required weeks to months to return to pre-storm conditions, and some did not recover within the 6 months reported here. Our synthesis illustrates that resistance and resilience of system components may negatively co-vary and that structural components of coastal systems may be the most vulnerable to long-term changes following tropical cyclones.
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