SMaRT lncRNA controls translation of a G-quadruplex-containing mRNA antagonizing the DHX36 helicase

Guanine-quadruplexes (G4) included in RNA molecules exert several functions in controlling gene expression at post-transcriptional level; however, the molecular mechanisms of G4-mediated regulation are still poorly understood. Here, we describe a regulatory circuitry operating in the early phases of murine muscle differentiation in which a long non-coding RNA (SMaRT) base pairs with a G4-containing mRNA (Mlx-gamma) and represses its translation by counteracting the activity of the DHX36 RNA helicase. The time-restricted, specific effect of lnc-SMaRT on the translation of Mlx-gamma isoform modulates the general subcellular localization of total MLX proteins, impacting on their transcriptional output and promoting proper myogenesis and mature myotube formation. Therefore, the circuitry made of lnc-SMaRT, Mlx-gamma, and DHX36 not only plays an important role in the control of myogenesis but also unravels a molecular mechanism where G4 structures and G4 unwinding activities are regulated in living cells.